Tranexamic Acid

Brightening amino acid that reduces hyperpigmentation and melasma.

Also known as: Tranexamic acid, trans-4-aminomethyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, TXA

What it is

Tranexamic acid is a synthetic amino acid derivative originally developed as a systemic hemostatic agent. In skincare, it's used topically at concentrations typically 2–5% to target melanin production and reduce discoloration.

What it does

Tranexamic acid inhibits plasmin and reduces inflammatory mediators that trigger melanin synthesis, particularly in response to UV exposure and hormonal changes. It suppresses tyrosinase activity and melanosome transfer to keratinocytes, resulting in reduced hyperpigmentation, more even skin tone, and visible lightening of melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation over weeks to months.

The evidence

Strong clinical evidence supports its efficacy for melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation; multiple randomized controlled trials show 50–70% improvement in pigmentation scores. Evidence is particularly robust when combined with other brighteners (vitamin C, niacinamide, hydroquinone) or used alongside professional treatments.

Best for

Melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, uneven skin tone, and sun damage—especially in darker skin types and those with hormonal pigmentation triggers.

Pairs well with

Vitamin C, niacinamide, hydroquinone, kojic acid, glycolic acid, and sunscreen (essential). Works synergistically with laser and chemical peels.

Use cautiously with

No major conflicts, but avoid combining with retinoids in the same application if skin is sensitive; stagger timing. Use cautiously with other strong actives if barrier is compromised.

Cautions

Generally well-tolerated; rare cases of contact dermatitis or mild irritation. Systemic absorption is minimal at topical concentrations. Not contraindicated in pregnancy, but patch-test first. Requires consistent sun protection (SPF 30+) to prevent rebound pigmentation.